Figure 3.

Variables affecting long-term response to genomic selection. Simulations at heritability of 0.5 using ridge regression to estimate breeding values and model updating every other season. Squares and continuous lines: phenotypic selection; circles vs triangles: small vs. large training population; closed vs open: unweighted vs. weighted GS; seasons correspond to the scheme given in Figure 1; A. genetic standard deviation among selection candidates in each cycle; B. rate of inbreeding calculated on the basis of pedigree, ΔF_P; C. Bulmer effect, given by the ratio between observed genotypic standard deviation and that expected under linkage equilibrium; D. realized accuracy of selection; E. mean absolute correlation between QTL and markers in highest LD with them; F. mean recombination frequency between QTL and markers closest to them; G. ratio between rate of inbreeding calculated on the basis of markers (ΔF_M) to that on the basis of pedigree; H. number of favorable QTL alleles lost from the selection population